不同副梢处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和结果的影响

试验以3～5年生赤霞珠葡萄(CabernetSauvignon)为试材,对其进行了不同的副梢处理:只留顶端1个副梢、副梢绝后处理、花序以上反复摘心、副梢全留。2年的结果表明:副梢全留(所有副梢全留2～3片叶反复摘心)处理的叶面积指数高,果实的产量和品质高。因此,相对多留副梢叶片,改善了叶幕叶龄结构,提高了果实品质,有利于枝梢成熟。     

pH及阳离子浓度对柞蚕蛹蛋白溶解性的影响

对不同pH及阳离子浓度下柞蚕蛹蛋白的溶解性进行了研究。结果表明,柞蚕蛹蛋白的等电点pI为4.2~4.5。测定不同的阳离子对其溶解度的影响顺序为Zn2+>Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+,随着阳离子浓度的增加,蛹蛋白的溶解性增加,当离子浓度超过1.0 mol/L时,其溶解性则降低。     

降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验，研究不同降雨强度下，不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°，降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1；耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕，以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大，各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上，最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著，当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时，坡地产沙量显著增大；（2）与平整坡地相比，等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益，减流量均大于15%，而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显；（3）在5°坡地上，等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%，而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显；在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时，人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律，在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时，3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见，水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用，而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异，在大坡度和大降雨强度下，不仅不能降低坡地产沙，反而加剧坡地土壤流失。     

银中杨人工林抚育采伐技术研究

采用标准地调查方法,对初植密度为2 m×2m的银中杨人工林的抚育采伐开始期和采伐强度进行调查研究,确定抚育采伐开始期为8年生时,采伐强度为50%。研究确定了银中杨人工林的经营密度表,以期为生产经营提供依据。     

1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7快速液态发酵优化工艺研究

本试验以1株饲用益生菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B7，B.amyloliquefaciens B7）为研究对象，为了增强其在液态条件下的发酵水平，提高其芽孢发酵工艺优化效率，拟采用测定芽孢吡啶二羧酸（dipicolonic acid，DPA）浓度的方法来代替传统的平板芽孢计数法，以探讨此测定方法在芽孢发酵优化工艺中的可行性。首先，通过单因素试验筛选出对菌株产孢有显著促进作用的因子，进一步通过正交优化试验确定蛋白胨、玉米粉、大米蛋白粉和Mn²⁺组合的最优水平。结果表明，发酵液中的芽孢浓度与测定的DPA荧光强度呈线性相关，在蛋白胨20 g/L、玉米粉10 g/L、大米蛋白粉20 g/L、Mn²⁺1.0 mmol/L时发酵48 h，检测到DPA荧光强度达到最大，其相应的芽孢浓度达到7.0×10⁹ CFU/mL。与实验室常用的LB培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了3.3倍；与工业生产用培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了2.2倍。本研究为芽孢杆菌发酵过程中芽孢浓度测定提供了一种快速方法，为工业菌株B.amyloliquefaciens B7的发酵提供了一种成分简单且高产芽孢的培养基。     

1976—2017年青海湖东北部地区极端降水事件变化特征分析

为进一步了解高寒牧区气候变化,依据1976—2017年青海湖东北部海晏站逐日降水资料,采用百分位法确定冬、夏半年极端降雨（雪）阈值并统计极端降水事件,运用线性趋势、R/S和小波分析法分析极端降水事件变化特征、未来演变趋势及周期。结果表明：青海湖东北部地区冬、夏半年极端降水日数和极端降水量呈不显著增加趋势;冬半年极端降水强度和日最大降水量不显著增加,而夏半年不显著减小;极端降水对年降水的贡献率均以不同的速率增加,其中夏半年的极端降水对年降水的影响较大;冬半年降水日数不显著减小,而降水量显著增加,表明冬半年发生短时强降水的几率增大,夏半年的降水日数和降水量增加不明显;未来,冬半年极端降水日数增加趋势将发生转变,极端降水量与之前的变化趋势无关将继续呈现震荡性,其他各要素将持续前期的变化趋势;冬（夏）半年极端降水日数和降水量分别存在明显的周期变化特征。高寒牧区的极端降水研究对于预防短时强降水带来的雪灾、洪涝事件的发生意义重大。     

基于粒子图像测速的坡面流水动力学特性

粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)技术具有多点同时测量、对水流无干扰的优点,该研究利用高分辨率PIV(分辨率为64 pixels/mm),测量了7组坡面流(水深范围为0.5～1.1 cm,雷诺数范围为1 000～3 000),并测量1组深水明渠紊流作为对照,研究了流速轮廓线和修正系数、紊动强度和雷诺应力、偏态系数和峰度系数的变化规律。结果表明:1)PIV能够有效观测坡面流床面至水面的流速分布。当坡面流流态为过渡流时,流速修正系数随着雷诺数的增加呈对数增加,均值为0.77;2)对比深水明渠紊流的紊动强度,坡面流的流向紊动强度较大,而垂向紊动强度较小,且随着水深及雷诺数的增加,坡面流紊动强度逐渐与深水明渠紊流的特征吻合。深水明渠紊流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比约80%,而坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比小于80%,随着雷诺数的增加坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比变大;3)对比深水明渠紊流的峰度系数,坡面流的峰度系数大部分大于3,表明坡面流较深水明渠紊流出现极端流速事件的概率小。PIV技术有利于实验室研究坡面水力侵蚀的力学机理机制问题。     

Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding in integrated crop-livestock systems: Effects of grazing management and crop rotation strategies

We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean-maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season.     

蕹菜芽苗菜对LED 光强和光质的生长响应

以阔叶空心菜为试材，研究蕹菜芽苗菜对LED 光强和光质的生长响应。结果表明：绿化阶段结束时处理L₇₀₀₀RBW4∶1∶1（光强7 000 lx，红光∶蓝光∶白光为4∶1∶1）的脱壳率显著高于其他处理；光强为7 000 lx 时，3 种光质处理的蕹菜芽苗菜可食部分干质量均显著高于白光对照；光照强度过高显著影响叶绿素的累积，高光强（L₁₁₀₀₀）下的叶绿素a、叶绿素b 含量及叶绿素总量随红光比例的增加而降低，同时子叶白化现象越发明显；不同光强条件下，3 种光质处理的抗坏 血酸含量均随着红光比例的增加而降低，而可溶性糖含量处理间差异不显著；主成分分析结果表明，L₇₀₀₀RBW4∶1∶1 在本试验条件下表现最佳，是较适宜蕹菜芽苗菜工厂化生产的LED 光源配方。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.